Keith Edwards

Keith Edwards: Yeah, 1966 when they fully integrated. Cause I went there in the seventh grade, and I was just eleven years old. We went on Franklin Street.

Carol Brooks: See that was back in ’64, in ’63…That’s when we were cheerleaders for Lincoln High School. Patricia Atwater, Evelyn Walker, and Carol Purefoy (then), and Charlie Foushee.

Ben Barge: So you think this would’ve been after school, or?

CB: Well it was after school, but not after I graduated, it had to be in ’64, but…it was during my school, I can’t remember exactly, but I know it was during when I was in school, and I graduated, well, in ’64. So it had to be before, doing the march and before ’64. Sixty-one, sixty-two, sixty–somewhere like that. Because that I do remember distinctly. Marching down Franklin Street.

BB: Of your friends at Lincoln, how many of them do you think, would you say were actively involved in the marches? Most of them?

KE, CB: Most of them.

CB: Yeah, it was most of them. Most everyone of them. I think she’s moved away, and she’s in New Jersey, she’s in California. Did Charlie one expire?

KE: Mm-mm. He’s in Greensboro. Greensboro, Winston-Salem.

CB: Greensboro. See most of them are from Chapel Hill.

KE: But these people, they are calling in, they want to get the book.

BB: Do you remember what it felt like, being in the march?

CB: Well like I told you, it felt wonderful. It was exciting, new, you know, trying to help integrate, wanting to be in the front door. Cause I remember at the bus station, you know, they had the Colored, the White, and we weren't allowed to go on the White side, and weren't allowed to drink from the fountain, down on the university. It was devastating, but it was exciting too, to kind of break the chain and start a new trend, it was wonderful. One thing I think–really what made it wonderful and exciting in Chapel Hill–it just wasn’t violent. You weren't afraid to walk down the street, you weren't afraid to sit in front of a car because…we knew…we would be safe. It was just wonderful here, in Chapel Hill. I can’t speak for other stays, but it was wonderful. I was excited, didn’t mind marching.

Ben Barge: Do you remember what it felt like, being in the march?

Carol Brooks: Well like I told you, it felt… wonderful, it was exciting, new, you know, trying to help integrate, want to be in the front []. Because I remember the bus station, you know, they had the colored, the white, you weren’t allowed to go on the white side, you weren’t allowed to drink from the fountain down on the university. It was devastating, but it was exciting too, to kind of break the chain and start a new trend. It was wonderful. One thing, I think, really what made it wonderful and exciting in Chapel Hill, it just wasn’t violent, you wasn’t afraid to walk down the street, you wasn’t afraid to sit in front of a car, because we knew we would be safe. It just was wonderful here in Chapel Hill. I can’t speak for other states, but it was wonderful, I was excited, didn’t mind marching.

BB: How often do you think you went marching?

CB: [] was a march. [Laughter]

BB: So a lot [Laughter] []

BB: Because in December of ‘63 there was one about every–

CB: Every march I was trying to attend. Pertains to better…

"But they just didn’t want us to integrate, that was the biggest problem."

- Carol Brooks

The interviewees provide an overview of the Chapel Hill Civil Rights Movement. They specifically note the emotion of CRM marches of Chapel Hill, Raleigh, and Durham in 1963. They speak on Watt’s Hotel discrimination and Civil Rights leadership in the area, especially of the friendly Pottersfield neighborhood. They speak on teaching students today about the history of the marches and the diversity of their community. The interview goes on to provide insight into Lincoln High School and integration into Chapel Hill High School. Additionally, an interviewee speak on her aunt’s participation in marches and a teacher’s reactions to and participation in the marches, including Ms. Monroe's participation. Also, Hilliard Caldwell's participation. They go on to speak on the cheerleading team at Lincoln High School and the school spirit as students. The students who participated did not have any fear in marching and protesting, even to the point that the interviewees miss marching and fighting for change. One of the interviewees studied at Durham Tech and held an occupation as the secretary at UNC hospital. She worked at a pediatric ward with children and learned at church meeting how to march. Brooks was arrested twice. They speak on the Big John’s sit-in, weekend and after school marches, and balancing marching with school work. The recount singing and chanting during the protests and how Big John and his sons threw ammonia on some protestors. They specifically recall the police officer, David Caldwell and his father, David Caldwell, Sr. arresting many protesters. The interview includes the historical and emotional trauma of lynchings and Jim Crow laws. The interviewees speak about how President Obama is still disrespected because of his race as a connection to the present day. They each explain that white people who helped blacks were seen as traitors. Moreover, integration was seen as taking pride and support away from schools. They conclude the interview with an explanation of racism for the modern generation, such as Trayvon Martin’s murder. They also make other connections to the past with riots in Chapel Hill organized by radicals and how the National Guard dealt with riots. Storm Troopers started riots, and one man killed in Chapel Hill riot. Keith Edwards discusses the poor treatment she experienced after integrating into the Junior High School. Other topics include: Frank Porter Graham; fair salaries; poor whites treated harshly; ministers today; more community representation; excessive drinking; racial bullying; and the black community.

“Sundays were always a special day. That whole day was made into just like a holiday.

- Keith Edwards

This interview includes Keith Edwards’s viewpoint on the importance of food in the home and in the community.  She recalls specific recipes in the interview. Edwards was born and raised in Carrboro where Domino’s Pizza is now located. She was one of eleven children in her household, and she describes what meal planning looked like for her family with eleven children. Edwards describes her first kitchen. She recalls having to put wood or coal into a cook stove for cooking and warming the kitchen in the winter. She also recalls that Fridays were fish days for the community. The interview provides an account of food systems between black and white residents. White and black residents began buying farm grown food from each other to create an alternative food system. She describes making fried cornbread: water and cornmeal. Other recipes include tomato pudding and buttermilk biscuits. The interview concludes with a discussion of her family’s attachment to the animals they used for dinner.

Freedom fighters Euyvonne Cotton, James Foushee, William Carter, Linda Brown, Keith Edwards, and Marion Phillips gathered upstairs at St. Joseph C.M.E. to talk about their experiences as young people in the freedom movement in Chapel Hill 1960-1964. Spurred by the recent publication of Courage in the Moment: The Civil Rights Struggle, 1961-1964 by James Wallace and Paul Dickson featuring previously unknown images, the participants recall marches and non-violent protests as well as police harassment, arrests, and imprisonment. They also credit the support they received from friends, families, and churches for the strength it took to continue the struggle.

"After a while the only Blacks you will see in this community will be those going to the churches but not living here."

- Keith Edwards

Keith Edwards discusses the impact the Jackson Center and student organizations on the Northside community as well as the challenges posed by ongoing gentrification of the neighborhood brought about by the conversion of single family homes into high occupancy student accommodation. Edwards expresses pessimism regarding the fate of Northside as a functional African-American neighborhood due to the inability of longtime residents and their heirs to afford property taxes or outbid investors. She reflects on the changing attitudes of student residents in Northside, contrasting the technologically-induced solipsism she observes in contemporary students with the activism displayed by students during the Civil Rights movement. Edwards observes that white residents have never had to bear the costs associated with integration- the loss of social institutions- and notes the irony in the area's current high property value. She comments on the necessity of the Jackson Center and like organizations in the wake of the failure of churches to execute their role as guardians and political leaders of the black community. Also addressed is the complicity of the town government in the current affordable housing crisis through its willingness to issue permits to developers. Edwards closes by predicting the total displacement of African-American residents within five years' time (as of 2012).

"You couldn't have the expression of anger because you knew what this person was doing. Because your actions would not have come back on you, it would have come back on your parents."

- Keith Edwards

Edwards discusses her life in Carrboro and how she felt safe within the Black community but unsafe within the city of Carrboro as a whole. She recounts incidents of violence, Ku Klux Klan activity and police intimidation in the 1930s and 1950s. She moved to Chapel Hill to be provided a different, less fearful environment. The black students at local school faced bullying. The behavior of wealthy Whites was different. She discusses White students’ involvement in the fight for civil rights and the relationship between White fraternities and sororities and the Black community. She describes how the atmosphere in Chapel Hill has changed so that there is less student involvement in the community. In her childhood, there was frequent violence in Chapel Hill, and less diversity. The wealthy citizens drove diversity to outskirts, and made it difficult to preserve the community. UNC is partially responsible for the destruction of the community because they’ve purchased homes and land for student housing, driving up prices, and facilitation the process of gentrification. Banks refused to grant loans to Blacks for houses.

Keith Edwards has lived at the same address on McDade St. in Northside since she was born but now resides in a different house, built with support from a development grant that Chapel Hill received in the early 1970s. She became the first black female police officer at UNC in 1974 and later won a discrimination suit against the University after a white male officer with less experience was promoted over her. This interview was done as part of the “Histories of Homes” initiative of the Marian Cheek Jackson Center for Saving and Making History. Topics include: procedure for condemned houses, real estate companies in Northside, and relationship with student neighbors. The interview focuses on property tax increases and the resulting gentrification that Carrboro and the Northside neighborhood in Chapel Hill are experiencing. She speaks on her childhood, home, building a new house, and the difference between a house and a home. Northside was seen as a safe space during integration with the solidarity that existed in the community. Race relations in Chapel Hill and Carrboro are a pressing topic considering the history of Civil Rights in the area.  The interview concludes with a description of Bank of America’s discriminatory lending, current regressive trends, racial solidarity in economic crises, how Northside has changed, and white allyship.

This interview is part of an oral history project called Southern Communities: Listening for a Change: Mighty Tigers--Oral HIstories of Chapel Hill's Lincoln High School. The interviewes were conducted from 2000-2001, by Bob Gilgor, with former teachers, staff, and students from Chapel Hill, N.C.'s Lincoln High School, the historically black secondary school that closed in 1962 when a school desegregation plan was implemented. Interviewees discuss African American life and race relations in Chapel Hill, as well as education, discipline, extracurricular activities, and high school social life before and after integration.

This interview is part of a group of interviews conducted by Susan Simone exploring the lives and struggle of various members of the Northside community: a historically black and primarily residential neighborhood located immediately northwest of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and downtown Chapel Hill, NC. The community has long been involved in a struggle to prevent developers from buying up property to build new and expensive housing developments that would break up the black community and drive low-income residents out of Chapel Hill, as Northside contains the majority of the remaining low-income housing in the city.